INTERCONNECTED IMPACTS OF COVID-19 ON HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH SYSTEMS

Abstract

This review explores the multifaceted impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on both human and animal health, emphasizing the zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2, disruptions in veterinary services, and the crucial role of animal models in studying long-term immune responses and chronic conditions such as Long COVID. It examines how human–wildlife interactions contributed to the zoonotic spillover of SARS-CoV-2 and evaluates the effects of pandemic restrictions on veterinary care and animal welfare. Recent research is analyzed to highlight the challenges faced by veterinary professionals, including reduced disease surveillance and compromised management capacities, with broader implications for animal health and welfare. The review also discusses the use of animal models—such as hamsters and non-human primates—in investigating viral persistence and immune mechanisms, underscoring their importance in developing therapeutic strategies for both humans and animals. Furthermore, it identifies significant knowledge gaps regarding the long-term effects of COVID-19 in animals and inconsistent evidence on reverse zoonotic transmission. By synthesizing current findings, this review advocates for future research grounded in the One Health framework to strengthen interdisciplinary collaboration and enhance preparedness against emerging zoonotic threats.