International Journal of Medical & Health Research
International Journal of Medical & Health Research (ISSN Online: 3106-7948 | ISSN Print: 3106-793X) is an international, open-access, quarterly journal that operates under a rigorous double-blind peer-review system. The journal is dedicated to advancing high-quality research across the medical, health, and biological sciences, offering a reliable platform for the dissemination of original and impactful scholarly work. The journal publishes original research articles, review papers, and short communications across a broad range of disciplines, including molecular biology, biotechnology, microbiology, genetics, biochemistry, environmental sciences, and other interdisciplinary areas within the life sciences. Emphasis is placed on methodological rigor, scientific originality, and research that contributes meaningfully to both academic knowledge and practical applications in health and biomedical sciences. The International Journal of Medical & Health Research is published by the Institute of Insight Research [SMC – Private] Limited, a legally registered organization with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) under registration number 0306665. Committed to the highest standards of academic integrity, ethical publishing practices, and transparent editorial policies, the journal ensures a fair, unbiased, and thorough peer-review process. Through its open-access publishing model and adherence to international scholarly standards, the journal serves as a credible and inclusive forum for researchers, clinicians, and scholars worldwide to disseminate scientific knowledge, foster interdisciplinary collaboration, and promote innovation in the medical and health sciences.
Institute of Insight Research [SMC – Private] Limited
AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES IN COMPETENCY-BASED MEDICAL EDUCATION (CBME)
The purpose of this study is to review existing literature on the principles of Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) and to explore preventive strategies that support its effective integration. Incorporating CBME into the traditional medical curriculum remains a major challenge for educators and institutions. This study emphasizes the importance of practical approaches to implementing CBME successfully within medical education programs. The concept of CBME has gained global attention due to its potential to produce more capable, patient-centered, and adaptable healthcare professionals. It aligns with modern educational philosophies that promote individualized learning, continuous assessment, and accountability for both learners and institutions. However, the transition from traditional curricula to CBME presents significant challenges, including curriculum restructuring, faculty training, resource allocation, and the development of reliable assessment tools. In medical institutions, integrating CBME requires not only a conceptual understanding of its core principles but also a strategic approach to implementation and evaluation. Identifying and addressing barriers such as resistance to change, lack of institutional readiness, and limited faculty expertise are crucial to ensuring successful outcomes.
Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME)
A STUDY ON STRESS EXPERIENCED BY NURSING STUDENTS DURING TRAINING AT JINNAH COLLEGE OF NURSING
Nursing is both an art and a science — a profession that demands emotional resilience, discipline, and dedication. It is a challenging and emotionally taxing career that requires students to balance the rigorous demands of academic learning with the practical pressures of clinical training. During their training period, nursing students often face significant stressors stemming from both academic and clinical environments. Academic stress arises from heavy coursework and examinations, while clinical stress may result from experiences such as receiving negative feedback from instructors. This study aimed to assess the levels of stress and coping strategies among nursing students at Jinnah College of Nursing. An observational, cross-sectional design was employed, involving 105 randomly selected participants — 36.2% male and 63.8% female — with a mean age of 22 years. The majority of participants were single (92; 87.6%). Findings revealed that 50% of nursing students experienced stress related to clinical practice and academic performance, 34% reported no stress, and 16% remained neutral. The most common stressors identified were insufficient vacations or breaks (56; 53.3%) and lack of guidance from teachers (19; 18.1%). Additionally, 73.3% of students reported using various coping strategies to manage stress. The study concludes that the majority of nursing students experience significant academic and clinical stress. It is recommended that stress management seminars be conducted at the beginning of each semester to help students develop effective coping mechanisms and improve both academic and clinical performance.
PREVALENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN PATIENTS WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM ATTENDING A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
To determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among patients with hypothyroidism.A cross-sectional study was conducted at Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta, from 24 August 2024 to 23 February 2025. A total of 91 patients with a primary diagnosis of hypothyroidism were enrolled. All participants underwent HbA1c testing, and those with HbA1c >6.5% or already receiving anti-diabetic therapy were classified as diabetic.The mean age of participants was 54.7 ± 6.1 years, with an average hypothyroidism duration of 4.5 ± 3.6 years and a mean BMI of 25.3 ± 2.7 kg/m². The study population included 34 males (37.4%) and 57 females (62.6%). Diabetes mellitus was identified in 31 patients (34.0%).Diabetes mellitus frequently coexists with hypothyroidism. Routine screening for DM in patients with thyroid disorders, and vice versa, is essential for early detection, optimal management, and prevention of complications associated with these comorbid conditions.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM URIC ACID LEVELS AND BLOOD PRESSURE ACROSS DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS
To determine the frequency of hyperuricemia and its association with blood pressure across different age groups in patients attending outpatient clinics for general health check-ups at a tertiary care hospital. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Internal Medicine, Fazaia Ruth Pfau Medical College, PAF Faisal Base, Karachi, from November 18, 2024, to February 20, 2025. Following ethical approval, 200 participants were recruited, including 100 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients (Group A) and 100 age-matched normotensive controls (Group B). Serum uric acid levels were measured, and hyperuricemia was defined based on standard clinical criteria. The primary outcome was the prevalence of hyperuricemia among hypertensive versus normotensive individuals. Secondary outcomes included assessment of serum uric acid levels across different age groups. Statistical analysis was conducted using chi-square tests and comparison of means, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Hyperuricemia was observed in 64% of hypertensive patients compared to 21% of controls (p < 0.001). Mean serum uric acid levels were 5.58 ± 1.95 mg/dL in adolescents and 8.6 ± 1.76 mg/dL in geriatric patients, with no significant age-related correlation. Hyperuricemia is strongly associated with elevated blood pressure, independent of age, highlighting its potential role as a modifiable risk factor in hypertension management.
ACCEPTANCE OF AI-DRIVEN MENTAL HEALTH APPLICATIONS AMONG PAKISTANI YOUTH: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
This study examines the acceptance of AI-based mental health applications among Pakistani youth, emphasizing factors such as perceived usefulness, ease of use, trust, privacy concerns, and demographic influences. Utilizing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), findings indicate a generally positive attitude toward AI-driven mental health tools, with participants acknowledging their potential to support mental health management. However, privacy concerns and trust issues emerged as significant barriers, with respondents hesitant to share sensitive personal data with AI systems. Demographic factors, including age and education level, influenced acceptance, with younger and more educated individuals demonstrating higher receptivity. The study provides critical insights into the cultural context of Pakistan, where confidentiality concerns and the perceived importance of human interaction shape attitudes toward AI mental health solutions. Recommendations include enhancing privacy measures, fostering trust, and designing culturally sensitive applications to improve adoption and effectiveness among youth.
ASSOCIATION OF SERUM URIC ACID LEVELS WITH BLOOD PRESSURE ACROSS VARIOUS AGE GROUPS
To assess the prevalence of hyperuricemia and its relationship with blood pressure across different age groups in patients attending outpatient clinics for routine health check-ups at a tertiary care hospital Department of Internal Medicine, Fazaia Ruth Pfau Medical College, PAF Faisal Base, Karachi, from November 18, 2024, to February 20, 2025. Following ethical approval, 200 participants were enrolled, comprising 100 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients (Group A) and 100 age-matched normotensive controls (Group B). Serum uric acid levels were measured, and hyperuricemia was defined according to standard clinical criteria. The primary outcome was the prevalence of hyperuricemia in hypertensive versus normotensive individuals. Secondary outcomes included evaluation of serum uric acid levels across different age groups. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square tests and mean comparisons, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Hyperuricemia was observed in 64% of hypertensive patients compared to 21% of controls (p < 0.001). Mean serum uric acid levels were 5.58 ± 1.95 mg/dL in adolescents and 8.6 ± 1.76 mg/dL in geriatric patients, with no significant correlation between age and uric acid levels. Hyperuricemia is strongly associated with elevated blood pressure regardless of age, suggesting it may serve as a modifiable risk factor in hypertension management.
INTERCONNECTED IMPACTS OF COVID-19 ON HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH SYSTEMS
This review explores the multifaceted impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on both human and animal health, emphasizing the zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2, disruptions in veterinary services, and the crucial role of animal models in studying long-term immune responses and chronic conditions such as Long COVID. It examines how human–wildlife interactions contributed to the zoonotic spillover of SARS-CoV-2 and evaluates the effects of pandemic restrictions on veterinary care and animal welfare. Recent research is analyzed to highlight the challenges faced by veterinary professionals, including reduced disease surveillance and compromised management capacities, with broader implications for animal health and welfare. The review also discusses the use of animal models—such as hamsters and non-human primates—in investigating viral persistence and immune mechanisms, underscoring their importance in developing therapeutic strategies for both humans and animals. Furthermore, it identifies significant knowledge gaps regarding the long-term effects of COVID-19 in animals and inconsistent evidence on reverse zoonotic transmission. By synthesizing current findings, this review advocates for future research grounded in the One Health framework to strengthen interdisciplinary collaboration and enhance preparedness against emerging zoonotic threats.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF PNEUMATIC AND LASER LITHOTRIPSY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PROXIMAL URETERIC STONES
This study aimed to compare the outcomes of pneumatic and laser lithotripsy in patients with proximal ureteric stones. A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted in the Department of Urology at the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi. Patients aged 18–70 years of either gender with proximal ureteric stones measuring 8–15 mm were enrolled using non-probability consecutive sampling and randomly assigned to two equal groups: pneumatic lithotripsy and laser lithotripsy. The diagnosis and stone size were confirmed using CT KUB scans. Empirical antibiotics were administered preoperatively and for at least five days postoperatively. Follow-up evaluations were performed at four weeks to assess stone clearance, migration, and the need for secondary interventions. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 with a 95% confidence interval and a 5% level of significance. The mean age was 40.83 ± 14.09 years in the pneumatic group and 40.40 ± 14.28 years in the laser group. Stone clearance was significantly higher in the laser group (74.3%) compared to the pneumatic group (48.6%). Stone migration occurred more frequently in the pneumatic group (42.9%) than in the laser group (14.3%), and secondary interventions were required more often in the pneumatic group (51.4%) than in the laser group (28.6%). These findings demonstrate that laser lithotripsy is more effective than pneumatic lithotripsy for managing proximal ureteric stones, offering higher stone clearance rates and reduced migration. Although laser lithotripsy requires greater time and cost, its lower rate of secondary intervention supports its preference in clinical practice. Further large-scale studies are recommended to confirm these findings and refine treatment guidelines.
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES TOWARD CHOLERA AMONG HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS WORKING IN PRIVATE CLINICS OF DISTRICT WEST, KARACHI
Cholera continues to pose a significant public health risk in many urban regions of Pakistan, primarily due to unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation, and delayed case reporting. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to cholera among registered healthcare professionals (HCPs) working in private clinics within District West, Karachi. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 120 healthcare professionals. The findings revealed moderate levels of knowledge, generally positive attitudes, but inconsistent practices—particularly in areas concerning patient health education and timely case reporting to relevant authorities. These results underscore the need for continuous professional training and stronger integration between private healthcare providers and the public health system to improve cholera prevention and control efforts.
EVALUATING THE ROLE OF YEAST AS A PREBIOTIC IN SMALL AND LARGE RUMINANT NUTRITION
This study investigated the effects of yeast supplementation as a prebiotic in the diets of small and large ruminants, focusing on its impact on feed intake, rumen microbial activity, and overall productivity. The experiment involved two ruminant species—sheep (small ruminants) and cattle (large ruminants)—divided into control and treatment groups that received diets with or without yeast supplementation. Over a 12-week period, key performance indicators, including feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, and rumen microbial fermentation, were evaluated. Results indicated that yeast inclusion significantly improved feed efficiency and enhanced rumen microbial populations, particularly those involved in fiber digestion. Animals receiving yeast supplementation exhibited greater weight gain and overall health status compared to the control group. These findings highlight yeast’s potential as an effective prebiotic for improving digestive function and promoting growth performance in ruminants. The study provides valuable insights for livestock producers seeking to optimize animal health and productivity through dietary interventions.
PATHWAYS FROM ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES TO DRUG ABUSE: STRESS AS A MEDIATOR AND EMOTIONAL INTEREST AS A MODERATOR
Multiple factors can influence the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and drug abuse. This study examined whether stress mediates the association between ACEs and substance use—specifically co-use, nicotine use, and cannabis use—and whether this mediation effect varies as a function of emotional interest. A total of 249 participants completed measures assessing demographics, ACEs, stress, and drug misuse, along with a delay discounting task. Data were collected using the snowball sampling technique. Analyses were conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS macro (Version 3.4, Model 15) with moderated mediation and Pearson correlations. The results revealed a significant association between ACEs and drug misuse, with stress serving as a mediator in this relationship. Furthermore, emotional interest was found to moderate the link between ACEs and stress. These findings highlight the complex interplay between early adverse experiences, emotional regulation, and substance use behaviors.
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF LABEO ROHITA TO CLIMATE CHANGE: INSIGHTS FROM AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM ALTERATIONS
Labeo rohita (rohu), a vital freshwater fish in South Asia, faces significant physiological stress from climate change, affecting regional nutrition and economies. Optimal survival occurs at 25–32°C, but rising temperatures and erratic precipitation reduce growth, protein efficiency, and survival. Temperatures of 34–36°C damage yolk and embryos, slowing hatching or causing total mortality. Salinity increases from seawater intrusion further impair survival, gill function, osmoregulation, and erythrocyte physiology. Thermal stress also suppresses growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor expression, compromising growth and immunity. Given rohu’s economic and nutritional importance, adaptive strategies and improved management practices are critical to mitigate climate-induced impacts and sustain population health.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL IMPACT OF ANEMIA IN CHILDREN AGED 1–5 YEARS: INSIGHTS FROM A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN PAKISTAN
Background: Anemia remains a significant pediatric health concern, particularly in developing countries, where nutritional deficiencies and limited healthcare access contribute substantially. In early childhood, anemia adversely impacts growth, immunity, and neurodevelopment. Objective: To assess the prevalence and severity of anemia among children aged 1–5 years attending the pediatric outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to July 2024 at Punjab Rangers Hospital, Lahore. A total of 375 children aged 1–5 years were enrolled using consecutive non-probability sampling. Children with chronic illnesses, hematological disorders, or recent cytotoxic treatment were excluded. Hemoglobin levels were measured and classified according to WHO criteria as mild (10–11 g/dL), moderate (8–10 g/dL), or severe (<8 g/dL). Data were analyzed using SPSS v20, with p-values <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of participants was 3.06 ± 1.45 years, with an overall mean hemoglobin of 10.89 ± 1.97 g/dL. Anemia was identified in 208 children (55.5%). Among anemic cases, 71 (34.1%) had mild anemia, 106 (51.0%) moderate anemia, and 31 (14.9%) severe anemia. Females accounted for 56.3% of anemic children, but no significant differences were observed in anemia prevalence or severity by gender (p = 0.840) or age group (p = 0.649). Conclusion: Anemia affects over half of children aged 1–5 years in this cohort, with moderate anemia being the most common. These findings emphasize the substantial burden of pediatric anemia and underscore the need for routine screening, nutritional education, and targeted interventions to mitigate its impact on child health.
ASSESSMENT OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES: ANTIPYRETIC AND ANTIFUNGAL EFFECTS OF OLEA FERRUGINEA ROYLE
Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds that have the potential to prevent and combat diseases related to oxidative stress. The present study investigates the phytochemical composition, antipyretic, and antifungal activities of Olea ferruginea Royle extract, including ethanolic, methanolic, and chloroform extracts. Phytochemical analysis revealed that both ethanolic and methanolic extracts contained carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, paleobotanies, saponins, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides, while alkaloids, paleobotanies, glycosides, and proteins were absent in the chloroform extract. Quantitative analysis of the chloroform extract revealed the presence of flavonoids (14.20±0.15 mg/ml), alkaloids (12.10±0.15 mg/ml), phenols (10.45±0.10 mg/ml), saponins (06.22±0.14 mg/ml), and tannins (04.60±0.65 mg/ml). The pharmacological evaluation revealed that the 600 mg/kg dose of the extract exhibited significant antipyretic activity in a brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia model, resulting in a 59.43% reduction in fever compared to the positive control, paracetamol (73.23% inhibition at 37.24°C). The antifungal activity demonstrated that Olea ferruginea Royle extracts were most effective against Verticillium, with a zone of inhibition of 17.00±0.48 mm at a concentration of 18 mg/µl, followed by Pythium (16.27±0.93 mm), Acremonium (16.20±1.89 mm), and Trichoderma (16.11±0.82 mm) at a concentration of 12 mg/µl. These results suggest that Olea ferruginea Royle possesses significant antipyretic and antifungal potential, supporting its traditional medicinal uses
PREVALENCE OF PRESSURE ULCER AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Background: Pressure ulcers (PUs) are a common and preventable complication in hospitalized patients, particularly among those who are immobile, elderly, or critically ill. They significantly impact patient outcomes, increase the duration of hospital stay, and elevate healthcare costs. Nurses play a key role in prevention, yet the implementation of evidence-based practices often remains inconsistent, especially in resource-constrained settings like Pakistan. Material and Method: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad, involving 225 patients admitted for at least 24 hours across various wards including ICU, orthopedic, surgical, and medical units. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire based on demographic information, Braden Scale risk assessment, presence and stage of pressure ulcers, and associated risk factors. The sampling technique was purposive, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 with descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of pressure ulcers was found to be 39.6%. Most ulcers were detected in early stages (Stage I: 50.6%, Stage II: 47.1%). Immobility (62.2% completely immobile), poor mobility, moisture exposure, comorbid conditions (especially chronic illness), and suboptimal nutritional status emerged as significant risk factors. Braden Scale scores revealed that 50% of patients were at mild risk, while 17.4% were at high risk. Despite the availability of preventive tools, gaps in training, staff-to-patient ratio, and institutional support hinder effective management. Conclusion: The findings underscore the need for consistent use of evidence-based nursing practices, improved staff training, regular risk assessments using tools like the Braden Scale, and better institutional support. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to reduce PU incidence and improve patient outcomes.
, risk factors, Braden Scale, nursing care, hospitalized patients, evidence-based practice, Pakistan
MITOCHONDRIAL COI BASED GENETIC DIVERSITY OF FRANCOLINUS FRANCOLINUS IN DISTRICT KHUSHAB
Using mitochondrial DNA particularly the cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, the present research evaluated the genetic variation of the District Khushab population of black francolin (Francolinus francolinus).By analyzing COI sequences of genes the study sought to shed light on the population's genetic makeup, historical background and environmental adaptations.Samples of tissues were taken from black francolins that lived in the district's several ecological domains.PCR was used to amplify the COI gene and the Sanger technique was used to sequence it.Bioinformatics methods were used to assess genetic diversity metrics such as nucleotide and haplotype diversity.In addition to offering a scientific basis for focused conservation measures to promote the long-term survival of black francolins in Khushab.This study made significant contributions to our knowledge of bird’s genetic diversity in Pakistan.
CURCUMIN-LOADED SELF-EMULSIFYING SYSTEMS: A NOVEL APPROACH TO COUNTER STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS
Persistent hyperglycemia and related consequences, such diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), are hallmarks of diabetes mellitus (DM), that dramatically raise the risk of morbidity and mortality among the diabetic individuals. Multidrug-resistant organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are commonly found in DFUs, which makes treatment more difficult with current antibiotics. A possible remedy is curcumin, a polyphenolic substance having antibacterial qualities. Its bioavailability is increased when it is administered using Self- Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS). Methodology: A six-month cross-sectional experimental study was carried out to check the antibacterial activity of SEDDS loaded curcumin. SEDDS loaded with curcumin (cu-SEDDS) were made with a variety of oils, co-surfactants, and surfactants. A Zetasizer was used to characterize the formulations for droplet size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI). Agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) techniques were used to measure antibacterial activity. Results: The most effective cu-SEDDS formulation against S. aureus was F1, which exhibited the lowest MIC value (0.0507 ± 0.02 µg/mL) and a significant inhibition zone (14 ± 1 mm) among the five. Characterization showed that F1 was stable with a zeta potential of -2.34 mV, a PDI of 0.089, and a droplet size of 490.3 nm. The antibacterial efficacy of formulations varied F1 has better activity than others. Conclusion: Curcumin-loaded SEDDS formulations offer a novel and effective approach to managing DFU-associated S. aureus infections.
self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS)
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND OBESITY IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN OF SINDH, PAKISTAN: A PREVALENCE STUDY
This study investigates the prevalence of physical inactivity and obesity among school-going children in Sindh, Pakistan, focusing on the role of limited physical education in contributing to these issues. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 400 randomly selected students from grades 7 to 10 in Tando Muhammad Khan and Nawabshah. Data on physical activity, participation in physical education, and BMI were collected to classify students as normal weight, overweight, or obese. Results showed low levels of physical activity across the sample, with 2.5% classified as obese and 10.3% as overweight. Most students reported no regular physical education classes, indicating a strong link between school-based inactivity and rising obesity. The study underscores the urgent need to integrate structured physical education into school curricula to curb childhood obesity and promote healthier habits in the student population
COMMON INFECTIONS IN RURAL PAKISTAN: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY AND PUBLIC HEALTH INSIGHTS
Infectious diseases pose a significant public health challenge in rural Pakistan due to limited healthcare access and infrastructure. This cross-sectional study analyzed the prevalence of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and dermatological infections among different age and gender groups in a rural population of 50,000 across seven villages. Data collected over 45 days from a basic health unit showed respiratory and dermatological infections peaked in the 15–49 age group, while gastrointestinal infections were most common in children aged 1–4 years. Males had a slightly higher rate of dermatological infections, with minor gender differences in other infection types. These findings reveal distinct epidemiological patterns and emphasize the need for targeted public health interventions, improved healthcare access, and prevention strategies tailored to demographic groups. Future longitudinal studies are recommended to clarify causal links and improve disease control efforts
Body Image, Eating Behaviors, College Students, Gender Differences.
VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS: FREQUENCY AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is a common yet often underdiagnosed condition in young adults, with significant hematological and neurological implications. This review examines its prevalence, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic challenges in individuals aged 18–35. A systematic review of literature from 2000 to 2023 revealed a prevalence ranging from 5% to 15%, with higher rates in regions with low dietary B12 intake. Common symptoms included fatigue, glossitis, paraesthesia, and macrocytic anemia, while neurological issues such as memory impairment and mood disturbances were also frequently reported. These findings emphasize the need for early diagnosis and intervention to prevent long-term complications. Greater awareness, targeted screening, and further research into dietary and genetic factors are crucial for addressing this widespread health concern
IMPACT OF BLOOD PRESSURE ON SLEEP APNEA AND RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME: A REVIEW
Sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are closely linked to both sleep quality and cardiovascular health, particularly blood pressure (BP). This review investigates the relationship between BP levels and the prevalence and severity of these disorders. Findings show a significant positive correlation between elevated BP and increased severity of sleep apnea, with hypertensive patients displaying higher apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) scores than normotensive individuals (p < 0.05). Similarly, elevated BP was associated with more frequent and severe RLS symptoms. These results suggest that hypertension may contribute to the pathophysiology of both conditions, potentially through vascular and neurological dysregulation. Recognizing this relationship could help clinicians tailor more effective treatment strategies for sleep disorder patients with hypertension. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to clarify causality and guide clinical practice.
MONOCORTICAL VS. BICORTICAL SCREW FIXATION IN SYMPHYSIS AND PARASYMPHYSIS FRACTURES WITH BILATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL
Mandibular symphysis and parasymphysis fractures, particularly when associated with bilateral condylar fractures, present a surgical challenge due to the need to restore occlusion, maintain mandibular continuity, and prevent complications like lingual splaying. While monocortical screw fixation is commonly used for its ease and safety, bicortical screws may offer greater stability by engaging both buccal and lingual cortices. This prospective, single-blind randomized clinical trial compared monocortical and bicortical screw fixation in 60 patients with symphysis/parasymphysis fractures and conservatively managed bilateral condylar fractures. Postoperative CBCT measurements showed significantly smaller lingual gaps in the bicortical group (p < 0.05), with no hardware failures or complications reported. The results suggest that bicortical fixation provides superior stability and may promote better functional outcomes, highlighting the need for larger multicenter studies to validate these findings and optimize treatment protocols.
CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF COVID-19: A REVIEW
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19, has infected over 670 million people globally and caused approximately 7 million deaths. Emerging research highlights a significant link between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Conditions like diabetes mellitus and hypertension—already known CVD risk factors—appear to be further exacerbated by COVID-19, which may act as an independent risk modifier. Studies suggest that previous COVID-19 infection increases the risk of developing various CVDs to a degree comparable with traditional risk factors. Complications such as myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, thromboembolism, and arrhythmias have been observed, especially in individuals with preexisting heart conditions. COVID-19 may influence cardiovascular health both directly—through viral invasion of heart tissues—and indirectly—via systemic inflammation. This review summarizes current findings on the interplay between COVID-19 and CVD, explores underlying mechanisms, and discusses evolving treatment and prevention strategies in the context of the pandemic.
RIVER RENAISSANCE: SAVING THE ORIENTAL MAHSEER FROM CLIMATE CHAOS
Climate change is an emerging global threat affecting all forms of life. In recent years, rapid and drastic climate shifts have severely impacted ecosystems and species, including the Mahseer — an important endemic fish species in India. Valued for its size, taste, and economic potential, the Mahseer is facing serious challenges such as habitat degradation, reduced growth, disrupted breeding patterns, altered migration routes, and declining population. These effects are pushing the species toward critical endangerment. To prevent further loss of biodiversity, effective and sustainable conservation strategies are essential. Protecting the Mahseer not only preserves ecological balance but also offers economic benefits to the regions where it naturally occurs.
Climate change, Mahseer, Endemic specie, Habitat destruction, Breeding, Survival, Conservation strategies