PREVALENCE OF PRESSURE ULCER AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Keywords:
Pressure ulcer, prevalence, , risk factors, Braden Scale, nursing care, hospitalized patients, evidence-based practice, PakistanAbstract
Background: Pressure ulcers (PUs) are a common and preventable complication in hospitalized patients, particularly among those who are immobile, elderly, or critically ill. They significantly impact patient outcomes, increase the duration of hospital stay, and elevate healthcare costs. Nurses play a key role in prevention, yet the implementation of evidence-based practices often remains inconsistent, especially in resource-constrained settings like Pakistan.
Material and Method: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad, involving 225 patients admitted for at least 24 hours across various wards including ICU, orthopedic, surgical, and medical units. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire based on demographic information, Braden Scale risk assessment, presence and stage of pressure ulcers, and associated risk factors. The sampling technique was purposive, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 with descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square tests and logistic regression.
Results: The prevalence of pressure ulcers was found to be 39.6%. Most ulcers were detected in early stages (Stage I: 50.6%, Stage II: 47.1%). Immobility (62.2% completely immobile), poor mobility, moisture exposure, comorbid conditions (especially chronic illness), and suboptimal nutritional status emerged as significant risk factors. Braden Scale scores revealed that 50% of patients were at mild risk, while 17.4% were at high risk. Despite the availability of preventive tools, gaps in training, staff-to-patient ratio, and institutional support hinder effective management.
Conclusion: The findings underscore the need for consistent use of evidence-based nursing practices, improved staff training, regular risk assessments using tools like the Braden Scale, and better institutional support. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to reduce PU incidence and improve patient outcomes.
